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Question 1 · Logical Reasoning: Necessary assumption

City official: Our new bus lane reduced average commute times on Third Avenue by nine minutes. Therefore the lane has made commuting across the city faster. Which one of the following is an assumption required by the official's argument?

1. A. The bus lane was the least expensive way to reduce commute times on Third Avenue
2. B. Time savings on Third Avenue were not offset by longer commutes on other routes
3. C. Most city residents commute by bus rather than by car
4. D. Commute times on Third Avenue will continue to fall in future years

Question 2 · Logical Reasoning: Flaw in the reasoning

Every employee who completed the safety course reported feeling more confident on the factory floor. The course must therefore be effective at reducing accidents. The reasoning is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it

1. A. relies on a sample that is too small to support a general conclusion
2. B. treats a subjective feeling as evidence of an objective outcome it does not establish
3. C. assumes without warrant that all employees completed the course
4. D. fails to consider that some employees may have taken the course twice

Question 3 · Logical Reasoning: Strengthen

Researchers found that people who read fiction score higher on tests of empathy than people who do not. They concluded that reading fiction increases empathy. Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the conclusion?

1. A. The empathy tests used were developed by psychologists with no interest in literature
2. B. Some highly empathetic people report reading no fiction at all
3. C. Participants randomly assigned to read fiction for six months showed rising empathy scores over that period
4. D. Fiction readers in the study were on average better educated than non-readers

Question 4 · Logical Reasoning: Must be true

All licensed pilots at this airfield have passed the instrument rating exam. No one who has passed that exam has fewer than 200 logged flight hours. Kelvin has 150 logged flight hours. Which one of the following must be true?

1. A. Kelvin has not passed the instrument rating exam
2. B. Kelvin has never flown at this airfield
3. C. Kelvin will pass the instrument rating exam once he reaches 200 hours
4. D. Some licensed pilots at this airfield have fewer than 200 hours

Question 5 · Logical Reasoning: Parallel reasoning

Any restaurant that sources locally will have a limited menu. Bellweather has an extensive menu, so it does not source locally. Which one of the following arguments has a pattern of reasoning most similar to the argument above?

1. A. Any student who studies daily will pass. Nadia studies daily, so Nadia will pass
2. B. Any bridge built before 1950 needs inspection. This bridge needs inspection, so it was built before 1950
3. C. Any novel that wins the prize is translated. This novel has not been translated, so it did not win the prize
4. D. Most cyclists in the club train on weekends. Omar is a cyclist in the club, so Omar probably trains on weekends

Question 6 · Reading Comprehension: Author's attitude

A passage argues that early twentieth-century conservationists, though sincere, defined wilderness in a way that erased the Indigenous peoples who had shaped those landscapes for millennia. The author would most likely describe the conservationists as

1. A. deliberately deceptive in their public claims
2. B. well intentioned but working from a flawed premise
3. C. indifferent to the fate of the landscapes they described
4. D. more concerned with political advantage than with preservation